Anatomy MCQ 0053

Involution of the thymus would occur following which year in a healthy individual?

a. 0 years (at birth).

b. 12th year.

c. 20th year.

d. 60thyear.

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The Correct option is B

Explanation with High Yield Facts:

The thymus is active at birth and increases in size until puberty (around age 12), after which it gradually atrophies and is replaced by fatty tissue.

Anatomy MCQ 0043

Thoracic duct is also called

a. Hensen’s duct

b. Bernard’s duct

c. Pecquet duct

d. Hoffman’s duct

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The Correct option is D

Explanation with High Yield Facts:

• Hensen’s duct: ductus reuniens, a small canal leading from the saccule to the cochlear duct; called also canalis reuniens, Hensen's canal or duct, and Reichert's canal.
• Bernard’s duct: ductus pancreaticus accessorius, accessory pancreatic duct: a small inconstant duct draining a part of the head of the pancreas into the minor duodenal papilla; called also minor pancreatic duct, and duct of Santorini or Bernard.
• Pecquet duct: The major efferent lymph duct into which lymph from most of the peripheral lymph nodes drains. Recirculating lymphocytes that have left the circulation in the lymph node return to the blood through the thoracic duct.
• Hoffman’s duct: (Pancreatic duct). The excretory duct of the pancreas that extends through the gland from tail to head, where it empties into the duodenum at the greater duodenal papilla. Synonyms: ductus pancreaticus, Hoffmann's duct, Wirsung's canal, Wirsung's duct.

Anatomy MCQ 0037

Which of these statements about oesophagus is true?

a. Is 40 cm in length

b. Is lined by stratified squamous epithelium in the upper two-thirds

c. Is lined by transitional epithelium in the lower one third

d. Drains all of its blood into the azygos and hemiazygos veins

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The Correct option is B

Explanation with High Yield Facts:

The oesophagus is 25 cm in length. The oesophagogastric junction lies 40 cm from the incisors. The oesophagus is lined by both striated (upper two-thirds) and smooth (lower third) muscle. The lower third is line by columnar epithelium. The venous drainage is into the inferior thyroid, azygos and left gastric veins. The communication between the azygos and left gastric veins is an important portosystemic anastomosis that can be the site of oesophageal varices.

Anatomy MCQ 0026

True about diaphragm is

1. Develops from the septum transversum and cervical myotomes
2. Receives a nerve supply from phrenic nerve only
3. The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at the level of the T12 vertebra
4. The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the T8 vertebra

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The Correct option is A

Explanation with High Yield Facts:

The diaphragm develops in the neck and hence receives its nerve supply from the cervical spinal cord (C4-C5). It is made up of structures arising from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, the dorsal mesentery and body wall. The septum transversum forms the central tendon. The motor nerve supply arises from the phrenic nerve. The sensory nerve supply is from the lower six intercostal nerves. The IVC, oesophagus and aorta pass through the diaphragm at the levels of T8, T10 and T12 respectively.

Anatomy MCQ 0010

A female come with complaints of chest pain. On examination she is found to have pericarditis with pericardial effusion. The pain is mediated by:

1. Deep cardiac plexus
2. Superficial cardiac plexus
3. Phrenic nerve
4. Subcostal nerve

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The Correct option is C

Explanation with High Yield Facts :

• The pain of pericarditis originates in the parietal layer only and is transmitted by the phrenic nerve.
• The fibrous and parietal layer of serous pericardium is supplied by the phrenic nerve.
• Visceral layer is insensitive.
  

Anatomy MCQ 0007

Which muscle is not punctured while doing a thoracic procedure in the mid-axillary line:

1. Innermost intercostals
2. Transverses thoracis
3. External intercostals
4. Internal intercostals

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The Correct option is B

Explanation with High Yield Facts :

• During a thoracic procedure in mid-axillary line, the external & internal intercostal muscles are always punctured.
• Inner most layer: Of the three group of muscles in this layer, the innermost intercostals are at the side of the rib cage,
• Subcostalis are at the back and Transversus thoracis at the front of the thoracic cage.
• Hence, Transversus thoracis will not be punctured in a mid axillary line approach.

NOTE: Transversus thoracis muscle was formerly called as sterno-costalis, more exactly. In fact, now TRANSVERSUS THORACIS includes all the three inner layer muscles, namely - Subcostalis, innermost intercostal (intercostalis intimi) and the sterno-costalis.

Anatomy MCQ 0004

In post-ductal coarctation of the aorta, blood flow to the lower limbs in maintained by increased blood flow through:

1. Inferior Phrenic and pericardio phrenic vessels
2. Intercostal and Superior epigastric
3. Sub costal and Umbilical
4. Umbilical and superior gastric

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The Correct option is B

Explanation with High Yield Facts :

Coarctation (stenosis/narrowing) of aorta is due to defect in the tunica media, which forms a shelf like projection into the lumen, most commonly in the region of the ductus arteriosus.

• A collateral circulation develops distal to the obstruction between subclavian artery (internal thoracic artery) & descending aorta (posterior intercostal arteries).
• This anastomosis produces characteristic notching of the ribs on X-RAY.
• Superior epigastric is a branch of internal thoracic artery and gives the anterior intercostal arteries in the lower intercostal spaces.
• Coarctation of the aorta is of three types:

1. Pre-ductal coarctation: The narrowing is proximal to the ductus arteriosus. If severe, blood flow to the aorta distal (to lower body) to the narrowing is dependent on a patent ductus arteriosus, and hence its closure can be life-threatening.
2. Ductal coarctation: The narrowing occurs at the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. This kind usually appears when the ductus arteriosus closes.
3. Post-ductal coarctation: The narrowing is distal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. Even with an open ductus arteriosus blood flow to the lower body can be impaired. Newborns with this type of coarctation may be critically sick from the birth.